274 research outputs found
Optimal Aero-Elastic Design of a Rotor with Bend-Twist Coupling
Passive Bend-Twist Coupling (BTC) can be used in blades to alleviate loads and generate more Annual Energy Production (AEP). However, BTC is inherently aero-elastic, thus difficult to incorporate into the design with sequential design process. Multi-disciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is an attractive approach for overcoming these challenges. This paper presents the re-design of a 100kW BTC rotor using the MDO rotor design package HAWTOpt2. In the preliminary design phase, MDO was used to assess the differences between elastic BTC (i.e. off-axis fibers) and geometric BTC (i.e. sweep). This work found that aero-elastic design optimization without BTC was able to achieve a 16% improvement, then with sweep a 18% improvement and with material coupling a 17% improvement. Due to the reduced stiffness of off-axis fibers, material coupled designs had more difficulty satisfying the tip deflection constraint. The geometric BTC concept was chosen for the final design. The design optimization was repeated with additional manufacturing constraints. The final design achieved a 12% improvement
Studying functions on coral reefs : past perspectives, current conundrums, and future potential
This work was funded by the Australian Research Council (DRB; grant number FL190100062).Function-based studies have opened a new chapter in our understanding of coral reefs. Unfortunately, we are opening this chapter as the worldâs reefs rapidly transform. In this context, one of the most important roles of function-based studies is to inform coral reef conservation. At this critical juncture, we have a chance to reflect on where we have come from, and where we are going, in coral reef functional ecology, with specific consideration of what this means for our approaches to conserving reefs. As focal examples, we examine the role of corals on reefs, and the practice of culling crown-of-thorns starfish, from a functional perspective. We also consider how the papers in this special issue build on our current understanding. Ultimately, we highlight how robust scientific investigation, based on an understanding of ecosystem functions, will be key in helping us navigate reefs through the current coral reef crisis.Peer reviewe
Extremely Metal-Poor Stars: The Local High Redshift Universe
Extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars can only have formed early in the history of the Galaxy, and
represent the local equivalent of the high redshift universe. With them, we can study the early
supernovae, the early chemical evolution of the Galaxy, and the history of star formation in the
Milky Way. By analogy we can learn about those epochs of galaxy formation in the distant past
that are currently at such high redshifts that they are beyond the reach of even the largest existing
telescopes, a technique some call ânear-field cosmologyâ.
While H, He, and some Li came out of the Big Bang, all other elements were formed in stars,
and were dispersed by supernovae and stellar winds into the gas from which subsequent stellar
generations formed. The ejecta from supernovae played the most important role in the early
Universe. SN models have many parameters, including the history of the progenitor star (initial
mass, mass loss history, internal nucleosynthesis history prior to the explosion, etc), the details of
the explosion (energy, ejected mass, mixing) etc. There are vigorous groups pursuing the details of
these models both theoretically and computationally in the US and abroad. But there are so many
free or poorly known parameters that these efforts are best guided by observations of metal-poor
stars
MIR137 is an androgen regulated repressor of an extended network of transcriptional coregulators
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play crucial roles in male development and the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). The AR functions as a ligand dependent transcription factor which recruits multiple enzymatically distinct epigenetic coregulators to facilitate transcriptional regulation in response to androgens. Over-expression of AR coregulators is implicated in cancer. We have shown that over-expression of KDM1A, an AR coregulator, contributes to PCa recurrence by promoting VEGFA expression. However the mechanism(s) whereby AR coregulators are increased in PCa remain poorly understood. In this study we show that the microRNA hsa-miR-137 (miR137) tumor suppressor regulates expression of an extended network of transcriptional coregulators including KDM1A/LSD1/AOF1, KDM2A/JHDM1A/FBXL11, KDM4A/JMJD2A, KDM5B JARID1B/PLU1, KDM7A/JHDM1D/PHF8, MED1/TRAP220/DRIP205 and NCoA2/SRC2/TIF2. We show that expression of miR137 is increased by androgen in LnCaP androgen PCa responsive cells and that the miR137 locus is epigenetically silenced in androgen LnCaP:C4-2 and PC3 independent PCa cells. In addition, we found that restoration of miR137 expression down-regulates expression of VEGFA, an AR target gene, which suggests a role of miR137 loss also in cancer angiogenesis. Finally we show functional inhibition of mIR137 function enhanced androgen induction of PSA/KLK3 expression. Our data indicate that miR137 functions as an androgen regulated suppressor of androgen signaling by modulating expression of an extended network of transcriptional coregulators. Therefore, we propose that epigenetic silencing of miR137 is an important event in promoting androgen signaling during prostate carcinogenesis and progression
Spectroscopic Observations of Convective Patterns in the Atmospheres of Metal-Poor Stars
Convective line asymmetries in the optical spectrum of two metal-poor stars,
Gmb1830 and HD140283, are compared to those observed for solar metallicity
stars. The line bisectors of the most metal-poor star, the subgiant HD140283,
show a significantly larger velocity span that the expectations for a
solar-metallicity star of the same spectral type and luminosity class. The
enhanced line asymmetries are interpreted as the signature of the lower metal
content, and therefore opacity, in the convective photospheric patterns. These
findings point out the importance of three-dimensional convective velocity
fields in the interpretation of the observed line asymmetries in metal-poor
stars, and in particular, urge for caution when deriving isotopic ratios from
observed line shapes and shifts using one-dimensional model atmospheres.
The mean line bisector of the photospheric atomic lines is compared with
those measured for the strong Mg I b1 and b2 features. The upper part of the
bisectors are similar, and assuming they overlap, the bottom end of the
stronger lines, which are formed higher in the atmosphere, goes much further to
the red. This is in agreement with the expected decreasing of the convective
blue-shifts in upper atmospheric layers, and compatible with the high velocity
redshifts observed in the chromosphere, transition region, and corona of
late-type stars.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX; 10 Figures (14 PostScript files); to be published in
The Astrophysical Journa
The Isotopic Mixture of Barium in the Metal-poor Subgiant HD 140283
Analyses of the abundances of neutron-capture elements have led to the belief
that these elements in metal-poor stars are r-process products with relative
abundances closely resembling those found in the solar system. This picture was
challenged by Magain (1995), who found that a pure r-process mix of the barium
isotopes was inconsistent with the mix of odd to even barium isotopes derived
from analysis of the Ba II line at 4554 A in the spectrum of the metal-poor
subgiant HD 140283. In this paper, we address Magain's challenge using new high
resolution high signal-to-noise spectra of HD 140283, and find, in contrast to
his result, that a solar-like r-process isotopic mixture provides a fair fit to
the observed 4554 A profile.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures; uses mn.sty, included; accepted for publication
in MNRA
Renal neuroendocrine control of desiccation and cold tolerance by Drosophila suzukii
Background:
Neuropeptides are central to the regulation of physiological, and behavioural processes in insects, directly impacting cold and desiccation survival. However, little is known about the control mechanisms governing these responses in D. suzukii. The close phylogenetic relationship of D. suzukii with D. melanogaster allows, through genomic and functional studies, an insight into the mechanisms directing stress tolerance in D. suzukii.
Results:
Capa, Leucokinin, DH44 and DH31 neuropeptides demonstrate a high level of conservation between D. suzukii and D. melanogaster with respect to peptide sequences, neuronal expression, receptor localisation, and diuretic function in the Malpighian tubules. Despite D. suzukiiâs ability to populate cold environments, they proved sensitive to both cold and desiccation. Furthermore, in D. suzukii, Capa acts as a desiccation-and cold stress-responsive gene, while DH44 gene expression is increased only after desiccation exposure, and the LK gene after nonlethal cold stress recovery.
Conclusion:
This study provides a comparative investigation into stress tolerance mediation by neuroendocrine signalling in two Drosophila species, providing evidence that similar signalling pathways control fluid secretion in the Malpighian tubules. Identifying processes governing specific environmental stresses affecting D. suzukii could lead to the development of targeted integrated management strategies to control insect pest populations
High Resolution Optical Spectroscopy of the F Supergiant Proto-Planetary Nebula V887 Her=IRAS 18095+2704
An abundance analysis is presented for IRAS 18095+2704 (V887 Her), a post-AGB
star and proto-planetary nebula. The analysis is based on high-resolution
optical spectra from the McDonald Observatory and the Special Astrophysical
Observatory. Standard analysis using a classical Kurucz model atmosphere and
the line analysis program MOOG provides the atmospheric parameters: Teff = 6500
K, log g = +0.5, and a microturbulent velocity Vt = 4.7 km/s and [Fe/H] = -0.9.
Extraction of these parameters is based on excitation of FeI lines, ionization
equilibrium between neutral and ions of Mg, Ca, Ti, Cr, and Fe, and the wings
of hydrogen Paschen lines. Elemental abundances are obtained for 22 elements
and upper limits for an additional four elements. These results show that the
star's atmosphere has not experienced a significant number of C- and s-process
enriching thermal pulses. Abundance anomalies as judged relative to the
compositions of unevolved and less-evolved normal stars of a similar
metallicity include Al, Y, and Zr deficiencies with respect to Fe of about 0.5
dex. Judged by composition, the star resembles a RV Tauri variable that has
been mildly affected by dust-gas separation reducing the abundances of the
elements of highest condensation temperature. This separation may occur in the
stellar wind. There are indications that the standard 1D LTE analysis is not
entirely appropriate for IRAS 18095+2704. These include a supersonic
macroturbulent velocity of 23 km/s, emission in H-alpha and the failure of
predicted profiles to fit observed profiles of H-beta and H-gamma.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
Manganese Abundances in the Globular Cluster Omega Centauri
We present manganese abundances in 10 red-giant members of the globular
cluster Omega Centauri; 8 stars are from the most metal-poor population (RGB MP
and RGB MInt1) while two targets are members of the more metal rich groups (RGB
MInt2 and MInt3). This is the first time Mn abundances have been studied in
this peculiar stellar system. The LTE values of [Mn/Fe] in Omega Cen overlap
those of Milky Way stars in the metal poor Omega Cen populations ([Fe/H] ~ -1.5
to -1.8), however unlike what is observed in Milky Way halo and disk stars,
[Mn/Fe] declines in the two more metal-rich RGB MInt2 and MInt3 targets.
Non-LTE calculations were carried out in order to derive corrections to the LTE
Mn abundances. The non-LTE results for Omega Cen in comparison with the non-LTE
[Mn/Fe] versus [Fe/H] trend obtained for the Milky Way confirm and strengthen
the conclusion that the manganese behavior in Omega Cen is distinct. These
results suggest that low-metallicity supernovae (with metallicities < -2) of
either Type II or Type Ia dominated the enrichment of the more metal-rich stars
in Omega Cen. The dominance of low-metallicity stars in the chemical evolution
of Omega Cen has been noted previously in the s-process elements where
enrichment from metal-poor AGB stars is indicated. In addition, copper, which
also has metallicity dependent yields, exhibits lower values of [Cu/Fe] in the
RGB MInt2 and MInt3 Omega Cen populations.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Ap
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